In general if you can `docker run` without sudo then that means you have a trivial privesc path since you can do `docker run` with the various flags that run it without any sandboxing, get a shell, and just ask to be let out of the namespace.

The way that podman and newer versions of docker get around this is using unprivileged user namespaces. Unprivileged user namespaces are not a free lunch - in fact, they're a bit of a security disaster in their own right.